Šta je pasiv u engleskom i kada se koristi
U aktivnoj rečenici subjekat vrši radnju: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. U pasivnoj rečenici subjekat trpi radnju: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. Smisao je isti, ali se menja fokus. U drugoj rečenici priča je o drami, a ne o piscu.
Passive voice se u engleskom koristi mnogo češće nego trpno stanje u srpskom. Tipične situacije su:
- kada vršilac radnje nije poznat: My bike was stolen.
- kada je vršilac nevažan ili očigledan: The road is being repaired.
- u vestima, nauci i službenim tekstovima: The results were published in May.
- kada ne želimo da ukažemo na krivca: Mistakes were made.
- u uputstvima i procesima: The mixture is heated to 100 degrees.
U srpskom bismo istu misao češće rekli bezlično ili povratnim glagolom: „Put se popravlja”, „Ukrali su mi bicikl”. Upravo zato učenici iz Srbije u engleskom često izbegavaju pasiv i grade rečenice koje zvuče neprirodno.
Kako se gradi pasiv: formula i tri koraka
Osnovna formula je uvek ista: be + past participle. Glagol to be preuzima vreme cele rečenice, a glavni glagol stoji u trećem obliku. Kod pravilnih glagola to je nastavak -ed, a kod nepravilnih treća kolona iz tabele, pa je dobro imati pri ruci tabelu nepravilnih glagola.
Kako od aktivne napraviti pasivnu rečenicu:
- Pronađite objekat aktivne rečenice i stavite ga na mesto subjekta: They built this bridge → This bridge...
- Odredite vreme aktivne rečenice i stavite to be u isto vreme: built je Past Simple → was.
- Dodajte past participle glavnog glagola: This bridge was built...
- Ako je vršilac važan, dodajte ga sa by: This bridge was built by the Romans. Ako nije, izostavite ga.
Pravilo za pamćenje: vreme pasivne rečenice uvek se čita sa glagola to be, nikada sa glavnog glagola. Glavni glagol je u pasivu uvek u trećem obliku, bez obzira na vreme.
Pasiv u engleskom jeziku: primeri svih vremena
Tabela prikazuje istu rečenicu kroz vremena u kojima se pasiv koristi. Uporedite aktivni i pasivni oblik i obratite pažnju samo na deo sa be. Ako vam je neko vreme nejasno, pogledajte pregled 12 vremena.
| Vreme | Formula pasiva | Aktiv | Pasiv |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | am/is/are + V3 | They clean the room. | The room is cleaned. |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are being + V3 | They are cleaning the room. | The room is being cleaned. |
| Past Simple | was/were + V3 | They cleaned the room. | The room was cleaned. |
| Past Continuous | was/were being + V3 | They were cleaning the room. | The room was being cleaned. |
| Present Perfect | have/has been + V3 | They have cleaned the room. | The room has been cleaned. |
| Past Perfect | had been + V3 | They had cleaned the room. | The room had been cleaned. |
| Future Simple | will be + V3 | They will clean the room. | The room will be cleaned. |
| Be going to | am/is/are going to be + V3 | They are going to clean the room. | The room is going to be cleaned. |
| Future Perfect | will have been + V3 | They will have cleaned the room. | The room will have been cleaned. |
| Modalni glagoli | modal + be + V3 | They must clean the room. | The room must be cleaned. |
Vremena u kojima se pasiv izbegava
Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous i Future Continuous u pasivu su gramatički mogući, ali zvuče rogobatno (The room has been being cleaned), pa ih izvorni govornici gotovo ne koriste. Umesto toga biraju aktiv ili jednostavnije vreme.
Pasiv i aktiv u engleskom jeziku: upitni i odrični oblik
Upitni i odrični oblik prave se kao kod svakog drugog glagola to be ili pomoćnog glagola. Glavni glagol se ne menja.
- Odrično: The room isn't cleaned every day. / The room hasn't been cleaned yet.
- Upitno: Was the room cleaned? / Will the room be cleaned tomorrow?
- Sa upitnom reči: When was the bridge built? / Where are these phones made?
Glagoli sa dva objekta
Glagoli kao give, send, show, offer, tell imaju dva objekta, pa postoje dve pasivne rečenice. Od They gave Ana a prize nastaje Ana was given a prize ili A prize was given to Ana. U engleskom je češća prva varijanta, sa osobom kao subjektom, iako je doslovno prevedena na srpski čudna.
Bezlični pasiv: it is said that
U vestima se često sreće bezlična konstrukcija: It is said that..., It is believed that..., It is expected that.... Ista misao može i lično: He is said to be very rich. Ove konstrukcije se rade na višim nivoima, od B2 naviše, i redovno se pojavljuju na ispitima.
Najčešće greške u pasivu
| Pogrešno | Ispravno | Zašto |
|---|---|---|
| The house was build in 1990. | The house was built in 1990. | Treba treći oblik, ne infinitiv |
| The letter written yesterday. | The letter was written yesterday. | Izostavljen glagol to be |
| The car is repairing now. | The car is being repaired now. | U trajnom vremenu treba being + V3 |
| It was happened last year. | It happened last year. | Neprelazni glagoli nemaju pasiv |
| The cake was made from my mom. | The cake was made by my mom. | Vršilac radnje uvodi se sa by |
Posebno pazite na glagole happen, arrive, die, seem, disappear. Oni nemaju objekat, pa od njih pasiv ne može da se napravi, iako se u srpskom ponekad kaže „desilo se” ili „nestalo je”.
Passive voice exercises: vežbe sa rešenjima
Prebacite rečenice u pasiv. Vršioca radnje izostavite ako nije važan. Rešenja su odmah ispod.
- Someone cleans the office every evening.
- They are building a new school in our street.
- Somebody stole my phone yesterday.
- They have just painted the walls.
- The police were questioning the driver.
- They will announce the results next week.
- You must sign the form.
- They had sold all the tickets before we arrived.
- J. K. Rowling wrote the Harry Potter books.
- They gave Marko a new laptop.
Rešenja: 1. The office is cleaned every evening. 2. A new school is being built in our street. 3. My phone was stolen yesterday. 4. The walls have just been painted. 5. The driver was being questioned by the police. 6. The results will be announced next week. 7. The form must be signed. 8. All the tickets had been sold before we arrived. 9. The Harry Potter books were written by J. K. Rowling. 10. Marko was given a new laptop.
Za još primera i objašnjenja na engleskom pogledajte i lekciju The Passive Voice in English.
Zaključak: kako da pasiv postane prirodan
Pasiv u engleskom nije posebno vreme, već način da se rečenica okrene ka onome što je važno. Formula je uvek be + past participle, a vreme nosi glagol to be. Najbrže ga savladate ako svakog dana uzmete nekoliko rečenica iz vesti ili uputstava, pronađete pasiv i prevedete ga na prirodan srpski, a zatim obrnuto.
