Kako se gradi Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous (naziva se i Present Perfect Progressive) gradi se od pomoćnog glagola have ili has, trećeg oblika glagola be, dakle been, i glavnog glagola sa nastavkom -ing. Formula je ista za sva lica, menja se samo have/has.
| Oblik | Struktura | Primer | Prevod |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tvrdnja | subjekat + have/has been + -ing | She has been studying for two hours. | Ona uči već dva sata. |
| Odricanje | subjekat + haven't/hasn't been + -ing | They haven't been sleeping well lately. | Ne spavaju dobro u poslednje vreme. |
| Pitanje | Have/Has + subjekat + been + -ing? | Have you been waiting long? | Čekaš li dugo? |
| Wh- pitanje | How long + have/has + subjekat + been + -ing? | How long has he been working here? | Koliko dugo on radi ovde? |
U govoru se skraćeni oblici koriste gotovo uvek: I've been, she's been, we've been. Obratite pažnju da she's ovde znači she has, a ne she is. Pravopisna pravila za -ing su ista kao kod Present Continuousa: make → making, run → running, lie → lying.
Present Perfect Continuous upotreba: tri glavne situacije
1. Radnja koja je počela u prošlosti i još traje
Ovo je najčešća upotreba i gotovo uvek ide uz for ili since. Govornik naglašava koliko dugo nešto traje, a radnja u trenutku govora nije završena.
- I've been learning English for three years. (i dalje učim)
- It has been raining since this morning. (i dalje pada)
- We've been living in Novi Sad since 2019.
2. Radnja koja se tek završila, a posledice su vidljive
Radnja je završena pre nekoliko trenutaka, ali njen trag je tu: mokra ulica, umoran čovek, prljave ruke. Na srpski se često prevodi perfektom, uz reči poput „upravo“ ili „baš“.
- Why are your eyes red? Have you been crying?
- The ground is wet. It has been raining.
- I'm exhausted. I've been running.
3. Privremene i ponovljene radnje u poslednje vreme
Uz lately i recently opisujemo nešto što se ponavlja u skorašnjem periodu, ali nije trajno stanje.
- She has been working late a lot recently.
- I've been thinking about changing my job.
- He's been staying with his parents while his flat is being renovated.
Present Perfect Continuous i Present Perfect Simple: u čemu je razlika
Oba vremena povezuju prošlost sa sadašnjošću, pa učenici često misle da su zamenljiva. Nisu. Pravilo koje pomaže u većini slučajeva: Continuous ističe proces i trajanje, Simple ističe rezultat i količinu. Osnovna pravila Present Perfecta obradili smo u posebnom tekstu o Present Perfectu, a ovde se bavimo samo razlikom.
| Pitanje koje postavljamo | Present Perfect Continuous | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|---|
| Koliko dugo? (how long) | I've been reading this book for a week. | — |
| Koliko? Koliko puta? (how many / how much) | — | I've read 200 pages. I've read it twice. |
| Da li je gotovo? | I've been painting the room. (možda još nije gotovo) | I've painted the room. (gotovo, soba je okrečena) |
| Šta je u fokusu? | Aktivnost, trud, umor | Rezultat, postignuće |
| Privremeno ili trajno? | She's been living here for a month. (privremeno) | She has lived here all her life. (trajno) |
| Glagoli stanja (know, like, own) | Ne koristi se | I've known him since school. |
Uporedite dve rečenice: I've been writing emails all morning govori o tome kako je prošlo jutro i zašto ste umorni, a I've written ten emails saopštava koliko ste uradili. Obe su tačne, ali odgovaraju na različita pitanja.
Kod glagola live, work, study i teach oba vremena su prihvatljiva uz for/since, uz malu razliku u nijansi: I've worked here for ten years i I've been working here for ten years znače gotovo isto, s tim što Continuous zvuči malo privremenije.
For, since i druge signalne reči
Signalne reči ne određuju vreme automatski, ali su odličan putokaz. Najčešće greške studenata upravo su zamena for i since.
- for + dužina perioda: for two hours, for a week, for ages, for a long time
- since + početna tačka: since Monday, since 2020, since I moved here, since breakfast
- all day / all morning / all week: She's been cleaning all day.
- lately / recently: Have you been exercising lately?
- how long: How long have you been waiting?
Zamka za govornike srpskog: u srpskom kažemo „učim engleski tri godine“ u sadašnjem vremenu. U engleskom I learn English for three years nije tačno. Kad god imate „već“ ili „od“ uz radnju koja traje, posegnite za Present Perfect Continuousom.
Brzi test: ako na rečenicu možete da postavite pitanje „koliko dugo?“ i radnja još traje, Present Perfect Continuous je pravi izbor. Ako pitate „koliko puta?“ ili „da li je gotovo?“, birajte Present Perfect Simple.
Glagoli koji ne idu u Continuous
Glagoli stanja (state verbs) opisuju ono što osećamo, znamo ili posedujemo, a ne ono što radimo. Oni se po pravilu ne koriste u trajnim oblicima, pa ni u Present Perfect Continuousu. Umesto toga koristi se Present Perfect Simple.
- know, believe, understand, remember, mean: I've known her for years. (ne: I've been knowing)
- like, love, hate, prefer, want, need: She has always wanted a dog.
- own, belong, have (posedovati): They've had this car since 2015.
- seem, be, exist: He has been ill all week.
Neki glagoli menjaju značenje, pa se u jednom značenju mogu koristiti trajno: I've been thinking about it (razmišljam, proces) naspram I've always thought he was honest (mišljenje, stanje). Slično važi za have: We've been having problems with the car je ispravno, jer have problems opisuje iskustvo, a ne posedovanje.
Česte greške i kako ih izbeći
- Izostavljanje been. She has working nije rečenica. Uvek: has been working.
- Pogrešno have/has. Za he, she, it i jedninu imenica ide has: My brother has been calling me all day.
- Mešanje sa Present Continuousom. I'm learning English for two years je greška; trajanje zahteva Perfect: I've been learning English for two years.
- Glagol stanja u -ing obliku. I've been knowing him zamenite sa I've known him.
- Since uz period. since three hours ne postoji; ispravno je for three hours ili since three o'clock.
- Navođenje broja uz Continuous. I've been reading three books this week zvuči neprirodno kada je fokus na broju; prirodnije je I've read three books this week.
Present Perfect Continuous vežbe sa rešenjima
Popunite praznine odgovarajućim oblikom: Present Perfect Continuous ili Present Perfect Simple. Rešenja su ispod.
- I ____ (wait) for the bus for forty minutes.
- She ____ (write) three reports since Monday.
- You look tired. ____ you ____ (work) all night?
- We ____ (know) each other since primary school.
- He ____ (not / feel) well lately.
- How many countries ____ you ____ (visit)?
- They ____ (build) that bridge for two years and it still isn't finished.
- My hands are dirty because I ____ (fix) the bike.
Rešenja
- have been waiting (trajanje, radnja još traje)
- has written (broj izveštaja, rezultat)
- Have you been working (vidljiva posledica: umor)
- have known (glagol stanja)
- hasn't been feeling (privremeno stanje u poslednje vreme; prihvatljivo je i hasn't felt)
- have you visited (koliko puta, rezultat)
- have been building (proces nije završen)
- have been fixing (tek završena radnja sa vidljivim tragom)
Za dodatno vežbanje razlike između vremena koja povezuju prošlost i sadašnjost pogledajte i naš tekst Present Perfect vs Past Simple, jer se tri vremena često javljaju u istom testu.
Zaključak
Present Perfect Continuous nije komplikovan kada zapamtite dve stvari: gradi se sa have/has been + -ing, a bira se kada su važni trajanje, proces ili sveža posledica radnje. Present Perfect Simple preuzima kada brojimo, saopštavamo rezultat ili koristimo glagole stanja. Uz for i since kao putokaz i nekoliko minuta vežbe dnevno, razlika brzo postaje automatska.
